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The Pacification of Libya, also known as the Second Italo-Senussi War, was a prolonged conflict in Italian Libya between Italian military forces and indigenous rebels associated with the Senussi Order that lasted from 1923 until 1932,〔Nina Consuelo Epton, ''Oasis Kingdom: The Libyan Story'' (New York: Roy Publishers, 1953), p. 126.〕〔C. C. Stewart, "Islam", ''The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 7 : c. 1905 – c. 1940'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 196.〕 when the principal Senussi leader, Omar Mukhtar, was captured and executed.〔(Detailed description of some fights (in Italian) )〕 The pacification resulted in mass deaths of the indigenous people in Cyrenaica - one quarter of Cyrenaica's population of 225,000 people died during the conflict.〔 Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of illegal chemical weapons, episodes of refusing to take prisoners of war and instead executing surrendering combatants, and mass executions of civilians. Italian authorities committed ethnic cleansing by forcibly expelling 100,000 Bedouin Cyrenaicans, half the population of Cyrenaica, from their settlements that was slated to be given to Italian settlers.〔 In 2008, an agreement of compensation for damages caused by Italian colonial rule was signed between Italy and Libya. Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan ruler at the time, attended the signing ceremony of the document wearing a historical photograph on his uniform that shows Cyrenaican rebel leader Omar Mukhtar in chains after being captured by Italian authorities during the Pacification. At the signing ceremony of the document, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi declared: "''In this historic document, Italy apologizes for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule.''" and went on to say that this was a "''complete and moral acknowledgement of the damage inflicted on Libya by Italy during the colonial era''". ==Background== After Italy had conquered Libya from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, the new colony shortly broke out into revolt, with Italian authorities losing control over large regions of the colony. Italy had been in near-constant conflict with the Senussis since Italy seized control of Libya from the Ottoman Empire. Conflict between Italy and the Senussis erupted into major violence during World War I when the Senussis in Libya collaborated with the Ottoman Empire against Italy and rading into Egypt to attack British forces, to assist Turkish forces attacking the British from the Levant.〔Ian F. W. Beckett. The Great War: 1914-1918. Routledge, 2013. P188.〕 Warfare between the British versus the Senussis continued until 1917 when the Senussis made peace with the British.〔Adrian Gilbert. Encyclopedia of Warfare: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Routledge, 2000. P221.〕 In 1917, Italy signed the Treaty of Acroma that acknowledged effective virtual independence of Libya from direct Italian control.〔Melvin E. Page. Colonialism. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. P749.〕 In 1918, Tripolitanian rebels founded the Tripolitanian Republic.〔Melvin E. Page. Colonialism. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. P749.〕 In 1920, the Italian government attempted to reach a settlement with the Senussi in Cyrenaica and recognized Senussi leader Sayid Idris as Emir of Cyrenaica and granted Cyrenaica autonomy under Italian rule.〔Melvin E. Page. Colonialism. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. P749.〕 In 1922 Tripolitanian leaders offered Idris the position of Emir of Tripolitania.〔Melvin E. Page. Colonialism. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. P749.〕 However prior to Idris being able to accept the position, the Italian government decided to initiate a campaign of reconquest of Libya.〔Melvin E. Page. Colonialism. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. P749.〕 The rise to power of Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy and his National Fascist Party resulted in a change in foreign policy that resulted in the Pacification of Libya. From 1923 to 1924, Italian military forces regained all territory north of the Ghadames-Mizda-Beni Ulid region, with four fifths of the estimated population of Tripolitania and Fezzan within the Italian area; and Italian forces had regained the northern lowlands of Cyrenaica in during these two years. However attempts by Italian forces to occupy the forest hills of Jebel Akhtar were met with popular guerrilla resistance. This resistance was led by Senussi sheikh Omar Mukhtar. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pacification of Libya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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